A Route to High Thermoelectric Performance: Solution‐Based Control of Microstructure and Composition in Ag₂Se

Abstract

Thermoelectric materials convert heat into electricity, with a broad range of applications near room temperature (RT). However, the library of RT high‐performance materials is limited. Traditional high‐temperature synthetic methods constrain the range of materials achievable, hindering the ability to surpass crystal structure limitations and engineer defects. Here, a solution‐based synthetic approach is introduced, enabling RT synthesis of powders and exploration of densification at lower temperatures to influence the material's microstructure. The approach is exemplified by Ag₂Se, an n‐type alternative to bismuth telluride. It is demonstrated that the concentration of Ag interstitials, grain boundaries, and dislocations are directly correlated to the sintering temperature, and achieve a figure of merit of 1.1 from RT to 100 °C after optimization. Moreover, insights into and resolve Ag₂Se's challenges are provided, including stoichiometry issues leading to irreproducible performances. This work highlights the potential of RT solution synthesis in expanding the repertoire of high‐performance thermoelectric materials for practical applications.