This paper reports results from a large-scale randomized controlled trial assessing whether counter-stereotypical messaging and partisan cues can induce people to get COVID-19 vaccines. The study used a 27-s video compilation of Donald Trump’s comments about the vaccine from Fox News interviews and presented the video to millions of U.S. YouTube users through a $100,000 advertising campaign in October 2021. Results indicate that the number of vaccines increased in the average treated county by 103 (with a one-tailed P value of 0.097). Based on this average treatment effect and totaling across our 1014 treated counties, the total estimated effect was 104,036 vaccines.

More from our Archive

• DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2305016120 2023

  ChatGPT outperforms crowd workers for text-annotation tasks

  Fabrizio Gilardi, Meysam Alizadeh, Maël Kubli

• DOI: 10.1126/science.ade2292 2023

  <i>CXCL9:SPP1</i> macrophage polarity identifies a network of cellular programs that control human cancers

  Ruben Bill, Pratyaksha Wirapati, Marius Messemaker, Whijae Roh, Beatrice Zitti, Florent Duval, Máté Kiss, Jong Chul Park, Talia M. Saal, Jan Hoelzl, David Tarussio, Fabrizio Benedetti, Stéphanie Tissot, Lana Kandalaft, Marco Varrone, Giovanni Ciriello, Thomas A. McKee, Yan Monnier, Maxime Mermod, Emily M. Blaum, Irena Gushterova, Anna L. K. Gonye, Nir Hacohen, Gad Getz, Thorsten R. Mempel, Allon M. Klein, Ralph Weissleder, William C. Faquin, Peter M. Sadow, Derrick Lin, Sara I. Pai, Moshe Sade-Feldman, Mikael J. Pittet

• DOI: 10.1126/science.ade6967 2023

  In vivo hematopoietic stem cell modification by mRNA delivery

  Laura Breda, Tyler E. Papp, Michael P. Triebwasser, Amir Yadegari, Megan T. Fedorky, Naoto Tanaka, Osheiza Abdulmalik, Giulia Pavani, Yongping Wang, Stephan A. Grupp, Stella T. Chou, Houping Ni, Barbara L. Mui, Ying K. Tam, Drew Weissman, Stefano Rivella, Hamideh Parhiz

• DOI: 10.1126/science.abp9364 2023

  How do social media feed algorithms affect attitudes and behavior in an election campaign?

  Andrew M. Guess, Neil Malhotra, Jennifer Pan, Pablo Barberá, Hunt Allcott, Taylor Brown, Adriana Crespo-Tenorio, Drew Dimmery, Deen Freelon, Matthew Gentzkow, Sandra González-Bailón, Edward Kennedy, Young Mie Kim, David Lazer, Devra Moehler, Brendan Nyhan, Carlos Velasco Rivera, Jaime Settle, Daniel Robert Thomas, Emily Thorson, Rebekah Tromble, Arjun Wilkins, Magdalena Wojcieszak, Beixian Xiong, Chad Kiewiet de Jonge, Annie Franco, Winter Mason, Natalie Jomini Stroud, Joshua A. Tucker

• DOI: 10.1126/science.adf8974 2023

  Human STING is a proton channel

  Bingxu Liu, Rebecca J. Carlson, Ivan S. Pires, Matteo Gentili, Ellie Feng, Quentin Hellier, Marc A. Schwartz, Paul C. Blainey, Darrell J. Irvine, Nir Hacohen

• DOI: 10.1126/science.abq4964 2023

  The dawn of spatial omics

  Dario Bressan, Giorgia Battistoni, Gregory J. Hannon

• DOI: 10.1126/science.adi0685 2023

  The complex dynamics of the 2023 Kahramanmaraş, Turkey, <i>M</i> _w 7.8-7.7 earthquake doublet

  Zhe Jia, Zeyu Jin, Mathilde Marchandon, Thomas Ulrich, Alice-Agnes Gabriel, Wenyuan Fan, Peter Shearer, Xiaoyu Zou, John Rekoske, Fatih Bulut, Aslı Garagon, Yuri Fialko

• DOI: 10.1126/science.adg0727 2023

  Emergent coexistence in multispecies microbial communities

  Chang-Yu Chang, Djordje Bajić, Jean C. C. Vila, Sylvie Estrela, Alvaro Sanchez

• DOI: 10.1126/science.abn6366 2023

  Immune-mediated denervation of the pineal gland underlies sleep disturbance in cardiac disease

  Karin A. Ziegler, Andrea Ahles, Anne Dueck, Dena Esfandyari, Pauline Pichler, Karolin Weber, Stefan Kotschi, Alexander Bartelt, Inga Sinicina, Matthias Graw, Heinrich Leonhardt, Ludwig T. Weckbach, Steffen Massberg, Martina Schifferer, Mikael Simons, Luciano Hoeher, Jie Luo, Ali Ertürk, Gabriele G. Schiattarella, Yassine Sassi, Thomas Misgeld, Stefan Engelhardt

• DOI: 10.1126/science.adh3916 2023

  Ultraflexible endovascular probes for brain recording through micrometer-scale vasculature

  Anqi Zhang, Emiri T. Mandeville, Lijun Xu, Creed M. Stary, Eng H. Lo, Charles M. Lieber