Co-encapsulated astaxanthin and kaempferol nanoparticles: fabrication, characterization, and their potential synergistic effects on treating non-alcoholic fatty liver disease

Astaxanthin/kaempferol co-encapsulated nanoparticles were fabricated using cremophor RH40 and lecithin as surface-active agents, and β-cyclodextrin as an encapsulating agent. The nanoparticles showed high dispersibility and stability in aqueous solutions, which enhances their bioactivity.