Air pollution exposure is associated with widespread cortical thinning in cognitively unimpaired older women
Xinhui Wang, Lauren Salminen, Andrew J Petkus, Joshua Millstein, Daniel P. Beavers, Mark A. Espeland, Meredith N Braskie, Joshua D Liu, Paul M Thompson, Margaret Gatz, Susan M. Resnick, Joel D. Kaufman, Stephen R. Rapp, Christine Fennema‐Notestine, Donald J. Hagler, Jeremy A. Elman, William S. Kremen, Carol E Franz, Jiu‐Chiuan Chen- Psychiatry and Mental health
- Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience
- Geriatrics and Gerontology
- Neurology (clinical)
- Developmental Neuroscience
- Health Policy
- Epidemiology
Abstract
Background
Late‐life ambient air pollution exposures are associated with increased Alzheimer’s disease (AD) risk1. Cortical thinning in temporal areas vulnerable to AD is associated with memory decline, neuropathological changes, and increased AD risk. However, most neuroimaging studies on air pollution neurotoxicity analyzed volumetric indices that are not sensitive to early cortical changes, and focused on discrete regions of interest (ROI) selected a priori rather than taking an ROI approach across the whole brain. Therefore, the mechanisms linking exposures to early neuropathological processes in older age are poorly understood.
Method
We examined data from 1068 cognitively unimpaired women from the Women’s Health Initiative Memory Study who underwent neuroimaging in 2005‐6 (Meanage = 77.8±3.7). Long‐term residential exposures to fine particulate matter (PM2.5) and nitrogen dioxide (NO2) were quantified as the 3‐year average of monthly estimates prior to MRI using spatiotemporal models with regionalized universal kriging. Brain scans were processed using FreeSurfer‐v.5.3.0 to estimate cortical thickness in 34 bilateral regions parcellated with the Desikan‐Killiany atlas. Exposure effects on AD‐vulnerable regions were assessed by calculating an AD signature (higher value representing thicker cortices) of surface‐area‐weighted thickness in the bilateral entorhinal, fusiform, inferior temporal, and middle temporal cortices2. We used linear mixed models to estimate exposure effects on standardized regional cortical thickness and the AD signature, adjusting for sociodemographic, lifestyle, and clinical characteristics, and a random effect for scanner manufacturer.
Result
After adjusting for covariates and multiple comparisons using the False discovery rate (FDR) method, higher exposures to PM2.5 and NO2 were associated with thinner cortices in at least 31 brain regions (FDR‐adjusted p’s<0.05). There were also significant adverse effects of PM2.5 (β = ‐0.055, 95%CI = [‐0.07,‐0.04] per 1µg/m3) and NO2 (β = ‐0.022, 95%CI = [‐0.03,‐0.01] per 1ppb) on the AD signature, equivalent to 1.1 and 0.5 years of aging, respectively. Across all analyses the strongest effects were observed in the frontal lobe, especially the motor cortex.
Conclusion
In cognitively unimpaired older women, higher exposures to PM2.5 and NO2 were associated with widespread cortical thinning, including regions sensitive to AD. However, the strongest associations in the frontal lobe suggest a greater impact of air pollution neurotoxicity on brain aging rather than AD risk.