XHIC-Net: An Explainable Hybrid Involution–Convolution Network for Blood Smear Cell Morphology Classification

Accurate morphological analysis of blood smears is vital for hematological diagnosis, yet manual examination is labor-intensive and subjective. While deep learning offers automation, its black-box nature and computational demands often hinder clinical trust and deployment. We propose XHIC-Net, an Explainable Hybrid Involution–Convolution Network designed for efficient and transparent cell classification. By integrating spatially adaptive involution operations with convolutional layers within a residual framework, XHIC-Net captures both contextual and fine-grained features efficiently. To enhance interpretability, a Grad-CAM-based explainable AI (XAI) module visualizes the cellular regions driving model predictions. The proposed framework was evaluated on a dataset comprising 12,879 microscopic blood smear images belonging to 12 morphological cell categories. Experimental results demonstrate that XHIC-Net achieves an overall accuracy of 98.88%, precision of 98.89%, recall of 98.87%, F1-score of 0.9887, and Cohen’s Kappa score of 0.9887. It outperformed established models, including DL models such as EfficientNetV2S, MobileNet family, DenseNet family, and VGG16, while using fewer parameters and requiring shorter training times. Furthermore, the XAI maps consistently highlighted biologically relevant structures, validating the model’s decision-making process. XHIC-Net is a strong, effective, and clear research model for automated hematology. With future clinical validation, it has the potential to be modified for point-of-care diagnostics in healthcare settings with limited resources.