Wearable E‐Textiles for Cardiovascular Monitoring: Materials, Devices, and Integrated Systems

ABSTRACT

Cardiovascular diseases remain the leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide, highlighting the need for continuous, non‐invasive, and reliable physiological monitoring beyond conventional clinical assessments. Smart textiles have emerged as a promising platform for personalized cardiovascular healthcare by combining wearability, mechanical comfort, and seamless integration into everyday garments. This review examines recent advances in conductive materials, textile manufacturing technologies, and system‐level device integration for cardiovascular sensing applications. Metallic fibers, carbon nanomaterials, and conducting polymers are evaluated for electrical conductivity, stretchability, mechanical durability, and wash stability. Furthermore, textile fabrication approaches, including weaving, knitting, embroidery, printing, and electrospinning, are analyzed for their ability to translate material properties into scalable, manufacturable sensing architectures. Recent developments in textile‐integrated electrocardiography, pulse‐wave, blood pressure, and hemodynamic monitoring demonstrate performance approaching clinical standards, with high signal fidelity and strong agreement with conventional medical devices. Key challenges related to long‐term stability, power autonomy, signal reliability, and large‐scale manufacturing are discussed alongside emerging solutions, including MXene‐based electrodes, self‐powered sensing systems, and edge artificial intelligence. Finally, future perspectives are outlined for developing clinically validated, scalable, and intelligent smart textile platforms that enable continuous cardiovascular monitoring and next‐generation personalized healthcare.