Visual pathway involvement in autoimmune diseases (MS, NMOSD, MOGAD) - A review

ABSTRACT

Visual pathway involvement is a hallmark of autoimmune disorders such as multiple sclerosis (MS), neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders (NMOSD), and myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody-associated disease (MOGAD), with varying severity. Despite the overlapping clinical features, the pathophysiology and the functional outcomes differ significantly. Advances in diagnostic techniques such as optical coherence tomography and magnetic resonance imaging have enhanced our understanding of visual pathway defects. This review synthesises current evidence on visual pathway involvement in MS, NMOSD and MOGAD disorders, highlighting the distinguishing features relevant to the diagnosis, prognosis, and therapeutic monitoring.