Understanding Toxic Behavior in Game-Mediated Social Interaction: A Systematic Review and Future Directions

As multiplayer online games increasingly evolve into prominent social platforms, toxic behavior (TB), a range of negative player interactions, has attracted growing scholarly attention. However, existing research remains fragmented, lacking conceptual clarity and systematic synthesis. Thus, this study conducted a systematic review of 48 empirical studies on TB, examining its definitions, classifications and measurements, correlates, perceived consequences, and coping strategies. This study identified four main approaches to defining TB, including umbrella, subconcept, impact-based approach, and intent-based approach, highlighting form and intent as key dimensions for its classification. The occurrence of TB was related to social beliefs, technological features, game-related experiences, and individual characteristics. It was perceived to harm gaming ecosystems and players’ psychological well-being and may reinforce antisocial attitudes. To combat it, players employ a range of coping strategies, including internally oriented detachment and externally oriented interventions. Finally, this study outlines future research directions and discusses its theoretical and practical implications.