Tripartite Innovations in Precision Therapeutics: Synergistic Potential of Plant Endophytes, Gut Microbiota, and Nanomaterials

The convergence of microbiology and nanotechnology is redefining modern therapeutics by enabling precise, sustainable, and personalized medical interventions. Endophytes—plant‐associated microorganisms—have emerged as efficient biofactories for the green synthesis of nanomaterials, offering eco‐friendly approaches to produce nanoparticles with enhanced therapeutic functionality. At the same time, the gut microbiota gained recognition as a central regulator of host metabolism, immune modulation, and disease susceptibility, making it a key determinant of treatment outcomes. Nanomaterials serve as a dynamic interface connecting these biological systems. They enhance the stability, bioavailability, and targeted delivery of endophyte‐derived bioactive compounds, thereby maximizing their clinical efficacy. Beyond delivery, nanomaterials interact with gut microbial communities, facilitating microbial biotransformation, metabolic enrichment, and expansion of enzymatic capabilities. This tridirectional interplay—among nanomaterials, endophytes, and the gut microbiota—strengthens antimicrobial strategies, promotes immune modulation, and improves host resilience through the precise shaping of microbial communities. In oncology, such bio–nanosynergies enable targeted tumor delivery while minimizing systemic toxicity. In infectious and immune‐mediated disorders, they support microbiota‐driven therapeutic modulation and improved disease management. Collectively, these advances establish a translational framework for next‐generation therapeutics that integrate ecological sustainability with clinical precision. This review explores emerging mechanisms and therapeutic opportunities at the microbe–nanointerface, highlighting how the integration of endophyte‐derived nanomaterials and gut microbiota modulation may transform treatment strategies for malignant, infectious, and immune‐related diseases.