Trends and disparities in hypertension and chronic liver disease-associated mortality in the United States: A retrospective population-based joinpoint regression analysis, 1999–2024
Naveed Ahmad, Syed Tawassul Hassan, Aneeza Hameed, Furqan Ahmad Sethi, Fnu Urooba, Vishan Das, Muhammad Bilal Aamir, Rahul Falodia, Muhammad Hafi Abid, Imad Khan, Bilal Ur Rehman Khan, Muhammad Hassaan Javaid, Muhammad Ali AbidBackground
Chronic liver disease (CLD) and hypertension (HTN) are frequently co-occurring conditions with shared cardiometabolic risk factors. Our goal was to assess mortality trends associated with these co-occurring conditions on a national level.
Methods
The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Wide-Ranging Online Data for Epidemiologic Research (1999–2024) database was used to assess deaths involving both HTN and CLD. Age-adjusted mortality rates (AAMRs) were computed per 100,000 population, and temporal mortality patterns were noted by calculating annual percentage changes (APCs) using the joinpoint regression program.
Results
Between 1999 and 2024, there were 198,234 deaths representing coexisting HTN and CLD. The overall AAMR increased from 1.0 to 6.2 per 100,000, surging between 2018 and 2021 (APC: 17.66,
Conclusions
The mortality associated with CLD and HTN increased significantly between 1999 and 2024 and is highly inequitable with respect to rural communities, specific ethnoracial groups, and adults over 75. Our findings highlight the need for integrated care pathways and interventions in cardiometabolic-hepatology for highly vulnerable populations.