To What Extent Could Quantum Computing Pose a Threat to Global Modern Data Security?

Quantum computing has emerged as a transformative technology with the potential to fundamentally disrupt modern cryptographic systems that underpin global data security. This paper examines the extent to which quantum computing could pose a threat to modern global data security by synthesising existing technical, institutional, and policy-oriented literature. Drawing on a narrative review of scholarly research, industry reports, and government frameworks, the analysis focuses on the implications of quantum algorithms such as Shor’s and Grover’s, which challenge the mathematical foundations of widely used cryptographic schemes. The findings suggest that while quantum computing presents a credible long-term threat to asymmetric encryption and weakens symmetric encryption, substantial engineering and physical constraints currently limit the feasibility of large-scale quantum attacks. The review also highlights the role of post-quantum cryptography, quantum key distribution, and international standardisation efforts as proactive responses that significantly mitigate future risks. Overall, the paper argues that the threat posed by quantum computing is conditional rather than immediate, shaped by the pace of technological development, cryptographic adaptation, and global policy coordination. Quantum computing therefore represents both a security challenge and a catalyst for strengthening future data protection infrastructures.