Thermal Analysis of Cells Behavior in Modular Lithium Iron Phosphate Battery System in Urban Electric Bus Fleet
Wiktoria Kaczmarek, Przemyslaw Galek, Dariusz Michalak, Leszek Kasprzyk, Anna HancABSTRACT
The thermal behavior of lithium iron phosphate (LFP) cells in modular battery systems results from the interaction between internal electrochemical processes and external operating conditions. In battery electric buses, these effects directly influence performance, safety, and lifetime. This study analyzes temperature variations within battery modules and their impact on key performance indicators, including available energy and internal resistance. Thermal evolution during charging at different C ‐rates and the influence of coolant‐flow variation on temperature distribution are also investigated. Additionally, the effect of operating temperature on cell aging is evaluated. The combined fleet‐scale data and laboratory experiments provide insights into thermal phenomena in LFP packs and support the development of improved integration and thermal‐management strategies for electric‐bus applications.