DOI: 10.1039/d6ea00048g ISSN: 2634-3606
The spatial impact assessment of landfill sites on air quality in Surabaya: a diurnal and seasonal perspective
Lalu Muhamad Jaelani, Muhammad Ardian Syah, Liadira Kusuma Widya, Abdul Rauf Abdul Rasam, Febryanto Pratama, Baiq Hasna Qurrotu Aini, Sophak PokFive years of 15-minute monitoring at the Benowo landfill show PM 2.5 rising from 37.17 to 50.32 µg m −3 (2020–2024), 7–10 times WHO guideline; exceedance peaks occurred at 07:00 and night, set by boundary-layer mixing rather than landfill operations.