The Role of Criminalistic DNA Analysis in Crime Investigation: Ukrainian and International Experience
Viktor Shevchuk, Igor Borysenko, Maryna Kostenko, Oleg Musiienko, Anastasiia VyltsanBackground:
In recent decades, advances in forensic science have revolutionized criminal investigations, with DNA analysis emerging as one of the most powerful tools for solving crimes.
Aims:
The aim of the study was to examine the effectiveness of criminalistic DNA analysis in crime investigation and to compare Ukrainian and international experience.
Methods:
For this purpose, the experience of using criminalistic DNA analysis in Ukraine, the United Kingdom, the European Union (EU), and the United States (USA) was studied.
Results:
As a result, it was found that criminalistic DNA analysis plays a key role in modern criminal proceedings, significantly increasing the efficiency of crime investigation. The experience of Ukraine, the UK, and the EU demonstrates that the use of forensic molecular genetic examination helps to identify the perpetrators of crimes, exonerate innocent persons, and increase confidence in the judicial system. Ukraine is actively introducing DNA analysis in criminal investigations, but there are challenges related to the need to improve the legal framework, expand genetic databases, and ensure funding for laboratories. The UK has one of the most advanced DNA identification systems in the world. The national DNA database helps to quickly identify criminals, but it also raises questions about the balance between security and the right to privacy. The focus is on compliance with ethical norms and international standards for the storage and use of genetic information.
Conclusion:
The EU has developed common approaches to the use of DNA evidence, which facilitates effective cooperation between member states. Data exchange through the Prüm system facilitates the detection of cross-border crimes, but requires a high level of personal data protection. Ukraine would benefit from adopting international best practices, including expanding DNA databases, strengthening interstate cooperation, and improving legal regulation to maintain a balance between effective investigations and human rights protection.