The paradox of global excellence and local relevance: universities’ third mission in developing economies

Universities are increasingly influential in driving social and economic growth through technology transfer, particularly in resource-constrained settings. This study aims to improve knowledge regarding university-appropriate technology transfer as part of the university’s third mission, and to identify the key enablers and barriers in the technology transfer process in developing economies. Using a qualitative case study approach, we investigated the Rural Technology Action Group (RuTAG) affiliated with the Indian Institute of Technology (IIT). We conducted online and telephone interviews with 38 individuals between March 2021 and May 2022. This study proposes a conceptual framework to enhance appropriate technology transfer from universities in resource-constrained settings. It highlights the crucial role of intermediaries and academic volunteers in university-appropriate technology transfer. Additionally, this study identifies specific barriers to technology transfer, such as cultural resistance, lack of sustained support, and institutional constraints, and offers recommendations to address these challenges.