The multiple mediation effects of sleep quality and competitive state anxiety on the relationship between smartphone dependence and flow state in adolescent soccer players

This study examined the multiple mediating effects of sleep quality (SQ) and competitive state anxiety (CSA) on the relationship between smartphone dependence (SPD) and flow state (FS) in adolescent soccer players. A total of 229 middle- and high-school soccer players in Korea completed measures assessing SPD, SQ, CSA, and FS. Serial mediation analysis was conducted using the Hayes PROCESS macro (Model 6). The results revealed that SPD was not directly associated with FS. However, SPD was positively associated with poorer SQ and higher levels of CSA, and CSA was negatively associated with FS. Furthermore, the indirect effect of SPD on FS through CSA alone, as well as through the sequential pathway of SQ and CSA, was statistically significant. These findings suggest that SPD may be indirectly related to lower levels of FS in youth athletes, not through a direct association, but through its links with SQ and CSA. Overall, the results highlight the need for integrative approaches in youth sports settings that address digital literacy, pre-competition anxiety management, and sleep hygiene education to promote psychological readiness and enhance flow experiences.