The impact of soft power diplomacy on Sino–Japanese rivalry in the Gulf region from 2013 to 2026
Noha Mohamed ElDesoky, Suzi Rashad, Heba ElHosinyPurpose
This research paper analyzes the role of soft power diplomacy as a primary means of advancing the rivalry between China and Japan in consolidating their influence within the Gulf Cooperation Council states, through the cultural dimensions, political values and foreign policies of both sides from 2013 to 2026.
Design/methodology/approach
This research paper, within its analytical and theoretical framework, relies upon the theoretical framework of the Soft Power Theory, proposed by Joseph Nye. The conceptual framework of the theory was operationalized into key empirical indicators for measurement, specifically the cultural, political values and foreign policy indicators. Additionally, a regional influence indicator was constructed to evaluate the direct outcomes and impacts resulting from these instruments. It also applies the comparative approach to examine the Chinese and Japanese models and determine which is more influential in the Gulf Arab states, based on their similarities and differences.
Findings
The research finds that China's competitive advantage lies in institutional and developmental soft power through the use of tools such as infrastructure and education. This is particularly achieved by incorporating the Chinese language within national curricula and expanding economic initiatives, especially the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) and e-game investments. In contrast, Japan excels in cultural influence by engaging citizens through the “Cool Japan” strategy and the popularity of anime and manga. Additionally, Japan advances knowledge transfer and human capital development under the “Kono Principles,” embedding its identity among Gulf youth. Thus, both models successfully strengthen their influence through these different mechanisms.
Originality/value
This paper seeks to trace the growing impact of soft power diplomacy on Sino–Japanese rivalry in the Gulf region, an emerging arena, with particular attention to its ability to shape economic partnerships, cultural exchanges and diplomatic influence without military coercion during the period from 2013 to 2026.