The Effect of Appearance Management Behavior through Semi-permanent Makeup on Psychological Well-being in Adults

This study aimed to examine the impact of appearance management behavior through semi-permanent makeup on psychological well-being in adults. To achieve this purpose, both online and offline surveys were conducted with adults who had undergone semi-permanent makeup procedures (N=250; data collection period: April 15-June 15, 2026). Data were analyzed using exploratory factor analysis and multiple regression analysis. The analysis identified three dimensions of appearance management behavior: psychological management effect, self-image management, and semi-permanent makeup management. Psychological well-being was also categorized into three dimensions: autonomy, self-acceptance, and positive interpersonal relationships. The findings revealed that all sub-factors of appearance management behavior were positively correlated with all sub-factors of psychological well-being. Specifically, psychological management effect and semi-permanent makeup management were significantly associated with self-acceptance; semi-permanent makeup management and self-image management were significantly associated with positive interpersonal relationships; and self-image management and psychological management effect were significantly associated with autonomy. Among these, self-image management showed the strongest predictive association with autonomy, highlighting that expressing one’s individuality and style through semi-permanent makeup plays a major role in reinforcing a self-directed attitude toward life. These results suggest that semi-permanent makeup is not only a cosmetic practice but also a form of self-care behavior that is positively associated with psychological well-being. The results further indicate that semi-permanent makeup may serve as a meaningful form of appearance management behavior for adults who actively engage in it.