The dual challenge: How climate change exacerbates noncommunicable diseases in India – A scoping review
Krishna Jasani, Krupal Joshi, Purnima Tadingi, Om Bera, Ashwini Agrawal, Amiruddin M. Kadri, Umesh Kapil
A
BSTRACT
Background:
Climate change and noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) are major and interconnected public health challenges. In India, where NCDs account for over two-thirds of all deaths, climate-related stressors increasingly exacerbate disease burden.
Objectives:
To map and synthesize evidence on the pathways through which climate change influences the prevalence, progression, and outcomes of NCDs in India and to identify research and policy gaps.
Eligibility Criteria:
Studies published between 2000 and 2025 examining associations between climate-related exposures (e.g., temperature rise, air pollution, extreme weather events, food and water insecurity) and major NCDs were included. Both global and India-specific studies were considered.
Sources of Evidence:
Relevant literature was identified through electronic databases and gray literature, including peer-reviewed articles, reports, and policy documents.
Charting Methods:
Data were extracted using a standardized charting form and analyzed thematically to identify key pathways linking climate change and NCDs.
Results:
Five major pathways were identified: rising temperatures, air pollution, water scarcity, food insecurity, and extreme weather events. These factors contribute to increased risk and progression of cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, chronic respiratory diseases, kidney disorders, and mental health conditions. Vulnerable populations, particularly low-income and rural communities, are disproportionately affected. Although national programs exist, integration of climate resilience into NCD strategies remains limited.
Conclusions:
Climate change is a critical amplifier of NCD burden in India. Integrated, climate-sensitive public health strategies are essential to reduce risks and strengthen health system resilience.