Technology and Mental Health, and Circadian Rhythm Among Adults Living Alone: A Scoping Review

Background

Adults living alone face increased risks of social isolation, mental health issues, and circadian rhythm disruption due to lack of social zeitgebers. Technology may both contribute to and alleviate these problems.

Objectives

This scoping review maps evidence on technology use related to social isolation, mental health, and circadian rhythm among adults living alone, examining technology as both an intervention tool and a potential disruptor.

Methods

Following Arksey and O’Malley’s framework and PRISMA-ScR guidelines, we searched PubMed, PsycINFO, Cochrane Library, Web of Science, Scopus, and Korean databases. Studies published 2010-2026 were included if they evaluated technology-based interventions or examined associations between technology use and outcomes, including social isolation, loneliness, depression, sleep, and circadian rhythm.

Results

Fifty-two studies were included: 24 intervention and 28 observational studies. Most targeted older adults (58%), with fewer on young (24%) and middle-aged adults (18%). Intervention studies showed positive effects of video communication, telephone befriending, and social robots on reducing loneliness. Observational studies revealed mixed

findings

nighttime smartphone use disrupted circadian rhythm and sleep, while purposeful social technology use improved connectedness. Several studies identified circadian rhythm as a mediator between technology use and mental health outcomes.

Conclusions

Technology can reduce social isolation but may disrupt circadian rhythm depending on usage patterns. Future research should explore the technology-circadian rhythm-mental health pathway and develop age-tailored interventions.

Key messages

• This scoping review maps the studies on technology use among adults living alone, revealing how digital tools and telephone-based approaches can reduce social isolation and loneliness

• Findings show technology’s effects vary by type, usage purpose, and age group, highlighting the need for tailored interventions targeting young and middle-aged adults living alone.