Synthesis of greenhouse gas emission factors for forest organic soils in the Köppen–Geiger Dfb climate zone

Greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from organic soils are a key component of land-use-related emissions, particularly in countries with large areas of organic soils. Temperate-zone forest soils remain less studied in GHG research than boreal soils. However, recent work has expanded coverage in the northeastern temperate region, which, under the Köppen–Geiger climate classification, shares key climatic characteristics with the southern boreal region (Dfb). This study synthesised updated GHG flux data to evaluate carbon balance and emissions from forest organic soils in the Dfb zone, stratified by drainage status, nutrient availability, and dominant tree species. Such stratification revealed CO ₂ source-sink patterns, which encourage the ecological relevance of using these categories for data aggregation. The dominant tree species reflected nutrient status: drained coniferous and deciduous stands have been reported as CO ₂ sources, emitting 0.03 ± 0.55 and 0.47 ± 0.29 t CO ₂ -C ha ⁻¹  yr ⁻¹ , respectively, though soils tended to shift toward CO ₂ sinks in stands older than 25 years. In contrast, undrained soils have generally been observed to function as CO ₂ sinks, although not necessarily in all sites. However, this stratification was less informative for CH ₄ and N ₂ O. CH ₄ fluxes were primarily determined by water table level rather than by other site variables, whereas N ₂ O showed a tendency toward elevated emissions in deciduous stands, irrespective of drainage status.