Sustainable Supply Chain Management for Homogenized Food Products and Dietary Foods in the Polish FMCG Market

The main objective of this study is to assess the level of sustainable supply chain management implementation in enterprises offering homogenized food products and dietary foods in the Polish FMCG market, as well as to evaluate their strategic orientation toward sustainability, with particular emphasis on the extent of implementation of sustainable transportation and distribution-related logistics practices. The study employed a quantitative research design based on a census survey of all enterprises operating in this market segment in Poland (84 firms classified under PKD 10.86.Z). After data verification, 80 valid questionnaires were included in the analysis, representing an effective response rate of 95.24%. Data were collected using a structured questionnaire comprising 17 items organized into two dimensions: strategic sustainability orientation and sustainable logistics practices. Responses were measured on a seven-point Likert scale. The research instrument was refined through expert evaluation and pilot tested, and demonstrated satisfactory internal consistency (Cronbach’s α = 0.74). The empirical data were analyzed using the Development Index calculated with the gradient method, which measures deviations from an ideal reference value and enables quantitative assessment of the maturity of sustainable supply chain management practices. The findings indicate that the implementation of SSCM among the surveyed enterprises remains selective rather than comprehensive. Companies demonstrate relatively strong performance in employee-related social practices, digital supply chain transparency, and delivery route optimization. In contrast, environmental initiatives, particularly the adoption of low-emission transportation solutions, replacement of environmentally harmful transport assets, and broader integration of environmental and economic objectives, remain insufficiently developed. The study highlights the need for a more balanced integration of the environmental, social, and economic dimensions of sustainability within supply chain management. The results provide practical guidance for enterprises seeking to improve the sustainability of their logistics operations while strengthening long-term competitiveness and creating value for stakeholders.