Sustainable Development of High‐Altitude Alpine Lakes in the Kashmir Himalaya: A Landscape‐Based Framework for Conservation and Livelihoods

ABSTRACT

High‐altitude alpine lakes (HAALs) of the Kashmir Himalaya are critical mountain freshwater systems that regulate headwater hydrology, sustain fragile ecosystems, and support nature‐based livelihoods. Despite their environmental and socio‐economic importance, comprehensive landscape‐based assessments integrating geomorphological processes, hydrological functioning, and sustainability remain limited. This study develops a comparative framework for evaluating seven alpine lake systems across the Greater Himalayan Range (GHR) and Pir Panjal Range (PPR) by integrating geomorphological characterization, quantitative morphometry, multi‐temporal analysis, hydrological connectivity, and a sustainability assessment. The results reveal pronounced spatial variability in basin geometry, shoreline complexity, and hydrological organization, reflecting contrasting influences of Quaternary glaciation, tectonic inheritance, lithological heterogeneity, and post‐glacial landscape adjustment. The investigated lakes encompass diverse geomorphic settings, including valley‐confined troughs, moraine‐dammed basins, compact cirque systems, and cascade‐linked lacustrine complexes. Within the PPR, the marked morphometric contrast between the elongated, shoreline‐complex Kousarnag Lake and the compact, near‐circular Bramsar Lake provides quantitative evidence of substantial intra‐regional geomorphic heterogeneity. Multi‐temporal analysis indicates that the surface area of Gangabal and Nundkol lakes increased by ∼11.6% and ∼12.1%, respectively, between 1980 and 2025, reflecting differential responses to hydro‐climatic variability and catchment‐scale geomorphic processes. Hydrologically, these alpine lakes function as critical headwater components of the Jhelum and Chenab river systems, regulating downstream water availability, sediment transfer, and ecosystem services. Their increasing sensitivity to glacier retreat, hydrological variability, geomorphic instability, and anthropogenic pressures highlights the need for adaptive, basin‐specific conservation and management strategies. The principal contribution of this study is the development of a transferable landscape‐based framework that explicitly integrates geomorphic controls, lake morphometry, hydrological connectivity, environmental sensitivity, stakeholder perspectives, and sustainability‐oriented management within a unified assessment framework. The framework provides a scientific basis for climate‐sensitive monitoring, conservation prioritization, sustainable tourism planning, and evidence‐based policy while contributing to Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) 6, 8, 11, 13, and 15, and offers a transferable approach for the sustainable management of glacier‐fed alpine lake systems in rapidly changing mountain environments.