Sustainable and miniaturized electrochemical sensors for glyphosate and parabens: integrating biomass‐derived carbons,
FDM
fabrication, and portable instrumentation
Aline Dassie, William Nieckel, Raphael Menechini Neto, Eduardo Giometti Bertogna, Oldair Donizetti Leite, Humberto Hissaki Takeda, Paulo Roberto de Oliveira, Gideã Taques Tractz, Ana Paula Peron, Luís Avelino Guimarães Dias, Evandro Bona, Osvaldo Valarini Junior Abstract
Glyphosate and parabens are chemically distinct emerging contaminants whose field monitoring is constrained by complex matrices and by the cost and infrastructure requirements of conventional laboratory methods. This review evaluates whether biomass‐derived carbon materials, fused deposition modeling (FDM), and portable electrochemical instrumentation can be combined into a coherent platform for decentralized analysis of these analytes. The review is organized around the sensing chain rather than around broad surveys of electrochemistry or additive manufacturing: analyte‐recognition requirements; biomass‐derived electrode modifiers; FDM fabrication and activation; and low‐cost potentiostatic readout. Glyphosate and parabens are used as complementary model analytes to assess the platform's adaptability. Biomass‐derived porous carbons can provide surface area, functional groups, and routes for heteroatom or metal modification, while FDM can reduce device cost and sample volume and enable customized cells. However, commercial conductive filaments contain an insulating polymer and commonly require activation. Most importantly, the reviewed literature does not yet establish a mature class of FDM‐printed, biomass‐derived sensors validated specifically for both glyphosate and parabens. Existing evidence is distributed across carbon‐paste, screen‐printed, molecularly imprinted, and non‐target FDM studies. The strongest research opportunity is therefore not merely to miniaturize existing electrodes, but to co‐designanalyte‐selective biochar–polymer filaments, printed cell geometry, activation, and portable electronics. Validation in real matrices, reproducible manufacturing, lifecycle assessment, and comparison with reference methods are required before claims of field readiness are justified. © 2026 The Author(s). Journal of Chemical Technology and Biotechnology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry (SCI).