Supramolecular Gels in Action: Smart Self-Assembled Soft Materials for Water Remediation and Pollutant Removal

Abstract

Supramolecular gels (SMGs) have emerged as a versatile class of promising materials with significant potential for environmental remediation. Their adaptable structures, highly porous interconnected networks, and capability to selectively adsorb various pollutants make them promising materials for tackling significant environmental issues. This review presents an overview of the fundamental principles governing SMGs, including their classification, self-assembly mechanisms with particular emphasis on environmental applications. Recent progress in the use of SMGs for dye adsorption, oil-spill recovery, heavy-metal sequestration, water purification, enhancement of agricultural efficiency, and decontamination of chemical warfare agents is critically evaluated. By examining these diverse applications, the review highlights how molecular design, noncovalent interactions, and network morphology influence remediation efficiency and selectivity. The advantages of SMGs, such as responsiveness, adaptability, and sustainability, are evaluated alongside challenges in scalability, stability, and regeneration. The review further outlines future research directions and highlights the potential of SMGs as eco-friendly materials for sustainable environmental remediation.