Structural characterization of medieval ceramics of Toprakkale and Osmaniye Province

Abstract

This study presents a comprehensive structural characterization of medieval glazed ceramics from Toprakkale and Osmaniye regions in Upper Plain Cilicia, Türkiye. Utilizing advanced non-destructive techniques, the research investigates ceramic body, slip, and glaze phases to elucidate production technologies and raw material selections. Results reveal that Toprakkale sherds possess relatively homogeneous aluminosilicate matrices with moderate silica and low flux oxide contents, indicative of controlled raw material preparation and firing protocols. Conversely, Osmaniye sherds display broader compositional variability, characterized by higher silica, calcareous, and alkali oxide contents, reflecting the incorporation of diverse temper materials and less standardized manufacturing processes. Mineralogical analyses show that Toprakkale sherds experienced higher firing temperatures, promoting the formation of diopside phases, while Osmaniye ceramics exhibit incomplete calcite decomposition, suggesting moderate firing conditions. Glaze compositions demonstrate significant variations in lead oxide content highlighting differing fluxing strategies and technological choices. The study underscores regional technological diversity and adaptation to local resources, contributing valuable insights into medieval ceramic production and cultural interactions within the northeastern Mediterranean basin.