Strategic analysis of agricultural development using SWOT and QSPM frameworks: A case study of Herat province, Afghanistan

For development initiatives to be effective and sustainable, an extensive strategic evaluation is essential, especially in sectors as important and complex as agriculture. This study analyses the agricultural sector in Herat Province, Afghanistan, a region with substantial agricultural potential that continues to face numerous challenges, using the SWOT (strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, threats) and quantitative strategic planning matrix (QSPM) frameworks. This research aims to identify and rank the most viable strategic choices for boosting agricultural growth. The Delphi technique and a questionnaire instrument were used to gather insights from experts in the field, with university lecturers representing a large spectrum, which was included in the research. The important findings of this research indicate that, among the four elements of the SWOT model, the most significant strength identified is the strategic position of Herat Province for the export of agricultural products. The most serious weakness is the lack of insurance services in the agricultural sector; the best opportunity is the utilisation of water from the Salma Dam for irrigating agricultural lands, and the most significant threat to agricultural development is the adverse impacts of insecurity. After evaluations, it has been observed that strengths and opportunities in this research are predominant. Therefore, utilising the strategic position and action evaluation (SPACE) matrix, the main strategy aligned with the designated aggressive position has been identified by merging strengths and opportunities. The findings will provide valuable insights for policymakers, development practitioners, and agricultural stakeholders seeking to unlock Herat’s agricultural potential and contribute to Afghanistan’s broader economic recovery.