Statistical Characterization of Received Signal Power for Spectrum-Based GNSS Interference Detection

This paper presents methods for accurate signal characterization in Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) interference detection systems based on spectral analysis of received signals. It specifically characterizes the power variability of signals observed at monitoring stations within such systems. The study is conducted in the context of the currently developed Real-Time GNSS Monitoring System for Poland (RTGMS), whose pilot version was successfully deployed in 2025. The analysis focuses on the impact of power variability of multiple uncorrelated signal components of the received GNSS signals. The results are based on a series of simulations which are validated against measurements collected over several months, encompassing multiple satellite navigation frequency bands. The findings contribute to an improved characterization of signal power variability and highlight its relevance for the design and operation of practical interference detection systems.