Static, Dynamic, and Electromagnetic Grid Interactions of Electric Vehicle Charging Infrastructure: A Stability-Oriented Review of Converter-Control Mechanisms

The increasing integration of electric vehicle (EV) charging infrastructure is reshaping the operational and stability characteristics of modern power systems. Unlike conventional load growth, large-scale EV charging introduces converter-interfaced, time-varying, and controllable demand that affects the grid across multiple temporal and spatial scales. This review examines the static, dynamic, and electromagnetic interactions between EV charging infrastructure and power systems, with emphasis on stability mechanisms, converter-control effects, modeling methods, and mitigation strategies. Static impacts are reviewed in terms of voltage deviation, feeder and transformer loading, reactive power demand, phase imbalance, and hosting capacity constraints. Dynamic interactions are discussed from the perspectives of voltage stability, transient response, small-signal oscillation, and converter control coupling. Electromagnetic issues, including harmonic emission, resonance, impedance-based stability, and interoperability among heterogeneous charger topologies, are also assessed. In addition, the review summarizes key mitigation approaches such as coordinated charging, adaptive converter control, hierarchical energy management, and grid-supportive operation. Finally, major research gaps are identified in multi-timescale modeling, stability-aware planning, control co-design, and standardized technical assessment frameworks, and recommendations for future research are presented.