Spider-Silk-Inspired Hierarchical Nanofiber Architectures Enabling Environmentally Robust Multifunctional Sensing for Eye-Fatigue Monitoring and Bioprotection

Abstract

Electrooculography (EOG) offers a direct electrophysiological window for objective fatigue assessment under prolonged visual load. However, skin-mounted EOG sensors face an inherent trade-off between maintaining signal stability and ensuring long-term wearability and skin comfort. Herein, inspired by spider-silk architectures, we report an environmentally robust, multifunctional EOG-fusion sensor based on a hierarchically engineered, cavity-structured bioelectrode that integrates an uncarbonized PAN@MXene-ZIF spacer with a carbonized conductive core. This state-engineered architecture enables simultaneous EOG, electromyography (EMG) and pressure sensing, while providing outstanding bioprotection (cell viability >99.5%) and broadband optical shielding (99.5% UV and 99.9% NIR blocking), together with microwave absorption (RLmin = [−59] dB, EAB of 1.26 GHz (X band)). The pressure channel delivers high sensitivity (345.08 kPa−1), rapid response/recovery (80/80 ms) and an ultralow detection limit of 20 Pa. The low-impedance bioelectric interface uses lightweight 1D-CNN and BiLSTM models, combined with data processing techniques, to achieve 94.21% accuracy in recognizing 9 types of eye movement patterns and effectively assess the degree of visual fatigue in immersive VR environments.