Spatio-Temporal Analysis of Peri-Urban Transformation and Spatial Urban Patterns in Pathum Thani, Thailand

This research investigates peri-urban transformation dynamics in Pathum Thani, Thailand, using a spatio-temporal analytical framework integrating urbanization and environmental indicators derived from Google Earth Engine (GEE). The analysis incorporates Normalized Difference Built-up Index (NDBI), Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), Night-Time Light (NTL), Land Surface Temperature (LST) and atmospheric pollutants (CO, NO2, SO2 and CH4) between 2018 and 2025. Statistical analysis and K-means clustering approaches were applied to identify urban transformation patterns and environmental impacts. The results reveal fragmented and uneven peri-urban development strongly influenced by Bangkok’s metropolitan expansion. NDBI and NTL indicate continuous built-up expansion and intensifying socio-economic activity, particularly along transportation corridors and sub-urban growth fronts. Environmental indicators revealed increasing urban heat intensity and deteriorating air quality over the study period. Temporal NDVI and NDBI analysis further reveals alternating cycles of vegetation loss, built-up expansion and environmental recovery. Overall, the findings highlight the complex and multidimensional nature of peri-urban transformation and demonstrate the applicability of integrated spatio-temporal approaches for urban and environmental analysis.