Spatial-Economic Assessment of Biomass Supply Chains Under Land Fragmentation

Taking Lankao County as a case study, this study extends the established StrawFeed framework by linking NHPI-derived harvest dates to spatially differentiated straw release and seasonal equipment scheduling. Time-series Sentinel-2 observations were used to characterize harvest timing, while observed road routes were used to calibrate the detour parameter. The mapped harvest progression was compared with reported aggregate harvest progress and provided spatially differentiated timing inputs for logistics simulation. The results demonstrate that: (1) The spatial-economic framework effectively refine the spatial representation of traditional models in complex fragmented plots. (2) Under the annual shared-fleet baseline, the simulated delivered cost was 28.40 USD t−1. (3) Route calibration yielded a road-detour coefficient of 1.36, demonstrating the effect of road geometry on transport distance. The simulated cost represents the result under the specified demand, road, equipment, and price assumptions rather than a causal penalty attributable to land fragmentation. Consequently, we suggest that land management policies should shift toward “precision-targeted” subsidies, and rural spatial planning should prioritize the layout of decentralized pre-processing hubs to optimize spatial logistics efficiency and economic viability.