Soil microbiome and its role in the Horticultural system

ABSTRACT Soil microbiomes, comprising diverse communities of bacteria, fungi, archaea, protozoa, and nematodes, are fundamental to sustaining horticultural systems. These microorganisms influence nutrient cycling, soil structure, plant growth, disease suppression, and resilience to environmental stresses. In fruit and vegetable production, soil microbial diversity has been directly linked to improved yield, quality, and ecosystem stability. Recent advances in molecular tools such as metagenomics and next-generation sequencing have revealed the complexity of microbial interactions, providing new insights into their functions. Management practices including the use of organic amendments, biofertilizers, crop rotation, and reduced chemical inputs can enhance beneficial microbial populations, thereby strengthening soil–plant–microbe interactions. However, challenges such as site-specific variability, limited field-scale studies, and knowledge gaps in microbial ecology remain significant barriers. Looking ahead, innovations such as microbiome engineering, synthetic microbial consortia, and integration with precision horticulture hold promise for sustainable crop production. This review highlights the critical role of soil microbiomes in horticultural systems and emphasizes their potential as a cornerstone of future sustainable agriculture.