Smart Nano-Antibiotics: AI-Guided Stimuli-Responsive Nanoplatforms for Precision Antimicrobial Therapy

The rapid rise of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) has created an urgent need for innovative therapeutic strategies beyond conventional antibiotics. Smart nano-antibiotics have emerged as advanced antimicrobial systems capable of improving drug delivery, enhancing pathogen targeting, overcoming biofilm-associated resistance, and reducing systemic toxicity. This review discusses recent progress in stimuli-responsive nanoplatforms, including pH-responsive, enzyme-responsive, temperature-sensitive, and redox-activated systems for precision antimicrobial therapy. The role of artificial intelligence in nanomaterial design, toxicity prediction, drug release optimization, and personalized treatment development is also critically examined. Furthermore, the review highlights targeted antimicrobial delivery, multifunctional nano-drug combination systems, biosensor integration, and autonomous AI-driven therapeutic platforms for combating multidrug-resistant infections. Current challenges related to toxicity, regulatory limitations, scalability, and AI data reliability are discussed alongside emerging clinical and industrial developments. Smart nano-antibiotics represent a promising next-generation approach for improving precision antimicrobial therapy and addressing the growing global burden of antimicrobial resistance.