DOI: 10.3390/jcdd11030093 ISSN: 2308-3425

Short-Term Mortality in Hospitalized Patients with Congestive Heart Failure: Markers of Thrombo-Inflammation Are Independent Risk Factors and Only Weakly Associated with Renal Insufficiency and Co-Morbidity Burden

Jose Iglesias, Nelson Okoh, Song Peng Ang, Cristina A. Rodriguez, Jia Ee Chia, Jerrold S. Levine
  • Pharmacology (medical)
  • General Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics

Congestive heart failure (CHF) is associated with significant morbidity and mortality. There has been renewed interest in using thrombo-inflammatory markers as prognostic tools in patients with CHF. To determine if thrombo-inflammatory markers are independent risk factors for 28-day mortality in hospitalized CHF patients, we retrospectively analyzed admission data extracted from 2008 consecutive patients admitted with a diagnosis of CHF to Zigong Fourth People’s Hospital. Multivariate Cox proportional hazards analysis demonstrated that the thrombo-inflammatory markers thrombin time, platelet/lymphocyte ratio (PLR), and D-dimer level were independent predictors of mortality. In addition, variables reflecting the severity of CHF (New York Heart Association class > 2), impaired renal function (elevated serum creatinine [SCr]), impaired organ perfusion (elevated BUN), and chronic liver disease were also independent predictors of mortality. Thrombo-inflammatory biomarkers were only weakly associated with SCr and the burden of co-morbidity, suggesting that thrombo-inflammation may in large part be attributable to CHF itself and that, moreover, its presence may confer an increased risk of mortality. Further large-scale prospective studies are needed to determine the existence and the consequences of a thrombo-inflammatory phenotype among patients with CHF.

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