Sheep Grazing Dynamics in Montado Ecosystem: Holistic and Technological Approach Based on Pasture Monitoring

Extensive livestock farming is characteristic of the landscape of the Mediterranean regions of Southern Iberian Peninsula. These production systems based on dryland pastures provide a wide range of services and contribute to maintaining environmental balance when compared with intensive agricultural or other livestock production systems. The Portuguese Montado is a habitat of Community importance and is protected under the European Natura 2000 network. This makes any research aimed at preserving, maintaining, or restoring this ecosystem particularly important to ensure its sustainable management. The main objectives of this study were to evaluate: (i) the impact of dolomitic limestone application on soil pH; (ii) the relation between multiple soil parameters; (iii) the impact of grazing preferences and livestock stocking rates on topsoil compaction; (iv) temporal and spatial sheep grazing patterns and sward productivity, quality and floristic composition throughout the growing vegetative season. This study was carried out during the vegetative cycle of 2023/2024 on a 4-ha pasture field located at Mitra farm (Southern Portugal). The experimental design included four treatments resulting from the combination of limestone application (with and without) and stocking rate (traditional: 7 sheep ha−1; high: 18 sheep ha−1). Sheep grazing preferences, soil compaction and fertility, sward productivity, quality and floristic composition were monitored at 48 sampling areas. The results confirm that improving soil pH through the application of dolomitic limestone is an effective, although slow and gradual process. When combined with grazing management through increased stocking rates, several important outcomes were observed: (i) preferential grazing areas did not exhibit significant differences in soil trampling; (ii) higher stocking rates resulted in less selective grazing; (iii) soil amendment and higher livestock stocking rates contributed to greater pasture crude protein content; and (iv) the influence of pasture quality on grazing preferences depended on the phase of the pasture-grazing cycle. Overall, these findings are promising indicators of sustainability for extensive animal production in Mediterranean dryland silvopastoral systems. However, with regard to the sward, as this study only monitored a single growing season, will need to be validated in future studies.