Sex-specific spatiotemporal organisation patterns reveal novel determinants of hammer performance across levels

The hammer throw requires optimal spatial and temporal coordination to maximise release parameters. This study aimed to identify differences in the spatiotemporal organisation of the throw across varying performance levels ranging from highly trained to world class. Using a video analysis protocol, we reconstructed the 3D hammer trajectories of 27 female and 20 male throwers. Azimuthal angles (i.e., the horizontal orientation of the hammer) were computed at key instants, and weighted regression models were used to examine their associations with performance. Results revealed significant differences in azimuthal angle at the start of the double support phase, with higher-performing throws associated with earlier foot landing ( p  < 0.05). In male throwers, this pattern was also linked to an earlier initiation of the single support phase ( p  < 0.001). In female throwers, performance level was differentiated by azimuthal angles at the high and low vertical points of the trajectory ( p  < 0.05). These findings suggest that training should target dynamic balance to facilitate earlier support transitions and enhance angular control of the hammer's high and low points, as these spatiotemporal features are key determinants of elite performance.