Severity-Based Mapping of Land-Subsidence Hazard Zones and Critical Hotspots Using SBAS-InSAR and Spatial Statistics: The Konya Metropolitan Area, Turkey

Land subsidence induced by excessive groundwater withdrawal has become one of the most significant geohazards affecting the Konya Closed Basin, Turkey. Although previous studies have successfully monitored ground deformation using geodetic and remote sensing techniques, limited attention has been devoted to transforming deformation measurements into quantitative, spatially classified hazard information. This study presents a severity-based framework for delineating land-subsidence hazard zones and critical hotspots in the Konya metropolitan area by integrating SBAS-InSAR observations and spatial statistical analyses. A total of 82 Sentinel-1 SAR acquisitions (41 ascending and 41 descending images) acquired between January 2023 and May 2026 were processed using the Small Baseline Subset (SBAS) technique. Ascending and descending line-of-sight deformation measurements were combined to derive vertical deformation rates, which were integrated with spatial statistical indicators and a composite severity index to quantify deformation clustering and classify subsidence severity. Hazard zones and critical hotspot areas were delineated through severity-based classification and spatial connectivity analyses. The results reveal a continuous north–south-oriented subsidence deformation belt extending across the eastern Konya. Maximum vertical subsidence rates exceeded 230 mm/yr, while spatial statistical analyses confirmed strongly clustered and statistically significant deformation patterns. Severity-based hazard zonation identified four hazard classes and a continuous high-hazard corridor. Clustering analysis further identified a dominant hotspot belt covering approximately 160 km2, with mean subsidence rates of approximately 142 mm/yr. A sensitivity analysis of the composite severity index weighting scheme, the spatial statistical neighborhood distance, the DBSCAN clustering parameters, and the number of Jenks severity classes confirmed that the resulting hazard zones and critical hotspot belt are robust to reasonable parameter variations. The findings demonstrate that land subsidence in Konya is organized as a spatially continuous regional-scale deformation system rather than a collection of isolated subsidence centers. The proposed framework transforms InSAR-derived deformation measurements into quantitative, decision-support hazard information and provides a transferable methodology for land-subsidence hazard assessment in groundwater-stressed urban environments.