Self‐Reliant and Stochastic Design of Microgrid for Greenhouses With Transparent Solar Panels, Battery Storage and Adaptive Heat Pumps

ABSTRACT

Greenhouses provide controlled environments that enable consistent, year‐round agricultural production. The integration of transparent solar panels into greenhouse structures offers a promising pathway to simultaneously generate renewable energy while maintaining sufficient light availability for photosynthesis, thereby creating a sustainable balance between food and energy production. However, developing a self‐sufficient, efficient, and economically viable energy system (microgrid) to meet the dynamic energy demands of greenhouses remains a significant challenge. This study proposes a self‐reliant microgrid framework for glasshouses by integrating transparent and conventional photovoltaic panels, a battery energy storage system (BESS), an adaptive heat pump, and a dehumidification system. The electricity consumption profiles of different greenhouse loads are clustered and incorporated into an optimisation framework to determine the optimal sizing and operational scheduling of these energy resources. To ensure effective indoor climate management, an adaptive heat pump model is developed to dynamically respond to temperature variations while minimising energy consumption. Additionally, a dehumidification strategy is implemented to regulate humidity levels and maintain suitable growing conditions for crops. A stochastic optimisation approach is further employed to account for uncertainties associated with weather‐dependent renewable generation and load fluctuations, enhancing the practicality of the proposed system. The results demonstrate that the proposed energy management framework can effectively satisfy the greenhouse energy demands while achieving strong economic performance, with a total project profit of $170,075. This study provides an effective pathway toward sustainable greenhouse operation by integrating renewable energy, battery storage and intelligent climate control.