Search for Violations of Permitted Use of Real Estate Properties Classified as Individual Housing Construction Using Remote Sensing Imagery

The issue of compliance with permitted land use regulations arises regularly. In addition to illegal resource extraction on lands remote from settlements, this problem also arises within populated areas. Capital construction projects often fail to comply with the permitted use standards of the land on which they are located. This violation is difficult to detect, as it requires an on-site inspection of the site and verification of the erected structure against the permitting documentation, and the slow pace of such inspections is inconsistent with the development density. Experience using Earth remote sensing data to identify other violations is not entirely applicable in this case, as surveying for floor counting requires an angle of 40° or higher, while surveying for geodetic purposes is performed at the nadir or at a low angle, making it difficult to determine the number of floors. However, objects cast a shadow, which can be calculated using the coordinates of the object and its estimated maximum permitted height. For example, a threestory building for individual residential construction, including the floor slabs, will have a very specific height. Knowing the location of a land plot, one can calculate the length of the shadow at a specific moment of the day and then compare it with the actual shadow in the image. Remote sensing data obtained from Kanopus-V satellites can be used for this purpose. These satellites also have a large stockpile of archival imagery and have repeatedly covered the territory of the Russian Federation.