Acute and Long‐Term EEG
and seizure characteristics in new onset refractory status epilepticus (NORSE)
Kia Gilani, Aurélie Hanin, Nicolas Gaspard, Ayush Batra, Laken Behrndt, Gregory S. Day, Sophie Demeret, Krista Eschbach, Brandon Foreman, Elizabeth E. Gerard, Teneille E. Gofton, Margaret T. Gopaul, Hiba A. Haider, Stephen T. Hantus, Carla Cobos‐Hernandez, Anthony D. Jimenez, Amy Jongeling, Padmaja Kandula, Peter Kang, Karnig Kazazian, Marissa Kellogg, Minjee Kim, Raquel Farias‐Moeller, Mikaela Morales, Vincent Navarro, Cederic M. Pimentel, Alexandra Ramirez, Claude Steriade, Aaron F. Struck, Olga Taraschenko, Mark S. Wainwright, Daniel J. Zhou, Lawrence J. Hirsch, Ji Yeoun Yoo Abstract
Objective
This study was undertaken to examine acute and chronic electroencephalographic (EEG) and seizure characteristics in new onset refractory status epilepticus (NORSE).
Methods
Multicenter inpatient and follow‐up clinical and EEG data were analyzed using International League Against Epilepsy definitions and American Clinical Neurophysiology Society (ACNS) EEG terminology.
Results
Forty‐four patients were included from the Yale NORSE/FIRES Biorepository (median age = 29 years, 33 female, 38 cryptogenic). Nine hundred twenty inpatient EEG days were reviewed (median = 13.5 days/patient). Presenting status epilepticus (SE) types included 24 convulsive SE (CSE), five focal–motor (FMSE), and 15 nonconvulsive (NCSE). Of 39 patients with post discharge follow‐up (median = 14.7 months), 61.5% ( n = 24) had seizures and required more antiseizure medications than seizure‐free patients (median = 4 vs. 1, p < .001). Inpatient EEG captured epileptiform discharges in all and periodic discharges in 38 patients. Seizures were captured in 38 patients: 33 electrographic (11 only electrographic) and 27 electroclinical. Total seizure burden ranged 6.5–29 615.0 min (median = 50.7). Seizures fulfilling ACNS EEG criteria for SE were captured in 20 patients; two had CSE and the remainder NCSE with coma, nine of whom also had FMSE. Inpatient seizure days (median = 50.0 vs. 15.5%, p = .004) and seizure burden (median = 42.9 vs. 0 min, p = .009) were higher in the first half of monitored days. Interictal findings were equally present and did not predict postdischarge seizures, whereas electroclinical seizures (90.9% vs. 45.5%, p = .037), seizure burden (median = 116.8 vs. 32.5 min, p = .045), and proportion of seizure days (36.3% vs. 20.0%, p = .037) did. Among 12 patients with follow‐up EEGs (median = 19.6 months post onset), posterior‐dominant rhythm (PDR) returned in nine; five had periodic discharges, and three had seizure captured.
Significance
Seizures are most commonly convulsive upon presentation and nonconvulsive or clinically subtle throughout the inpatient course in NORSE. Inpatient seizures, but not interictal abnormalities, occur earlier in the inpatient course and presence of electroclinical seizures, seizure burden, and proportion of seizure days but not interictal findings are associated with postdischarge seizures. Although return of PDR reflects neurological recovery, seizure persistence and EEG abnormalities post‐NORSE are common.