Safety Surveillance of Cosmetic Products: The Role of Cosmetovigilance, Causality Assessment, and Regulatory Frameworks

Cosmetics play a significant role in self-expression, improving appearance and boosting self-confidence. Beyond physical appearance, they also support skin protection and contribute to overall well-being. Although most cosmetic ingredients are safe and approved, some natural and synthetic components may pose risks to human health and the environment. Natural does not always mean nontoxic; therefore, it is imperative to closely monitor the safety of both natural and synthetic ingredients used in cosmetics, food, and pharmaceuticals. Post-marketing safety surveillance of cosmetic products, referred to as cosmetovigilance, is a vital component of public health surveillance, yet its implementation remains highly variable across global regulatory jurisdictions. This narrative review delves into current cosmetovigilance practices, adverse cosmetic reactions, causality assessment tools and regulatory frameworks across the European Union, the United States, Canada, the United Kingdom, Japan, China, India, Malaysia and Thailand. The review also highlights the need for global harmonization of cosmetovigilance systems through standardized adverse event reporting, a common causality assessment tool, better consumer awareness and enhanced regulatory collaboration across borders.