Remodeling of mitochondrial dynamics by metabolic pathways couples to oncogenic growth in GNAS (Gα _s ) mutant pancreas cancer

Maintenance of fissed mitochondria is viewed as a defining feature of Kirsten rat sarcoma viral oncogene homolog (KRAS)-mutant cancers. However, regulation of this process by accompanying comutations or environmental factors is not clearly defined. Here, by analyzing a subset of pancreatic cancer lesions driven by concurrent Kras ^G12D and GNAS complex locus gene (GNAS ^R201C/H ) mutations, we found that despite the presence of mutant Kras, hyperactive Gnas ^R201C maintains mitochondria predominantly in a fused state, which is necessary for tumor growth. Multiplex proteomics, super-resolution microscopy, loss- and gain-of-function studies, coupled with metabolite rescue experiments, revealed that Gnas ^R201C -regulated branched-chain amino acid (BCAA) pathway is a previously unidentified regulator of mitochondrial morphology. Mechanistically, the BCAA pathway, the associated tricarboxylic acid cycle, and aspartate metabolism converge on nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH-NAD ⁺ ) metabolites to promote mitochondrial elongation. NAD ⁺ availability is crucial for mitochondrial fusion, as facilitating NAD ⁺ generation through alternative means promotes fusion. Collectively, we unraveled a new mechanism that drives mitochondrial fusion and showed that the combination of oncogenic signaling and metabolism can maintain distinct mitochondrial morphology within genetic subsets of KRAS-mutant pancreatic cancer.