Reforms Needed? Reassessing the Armenian Apostolic Church’s Position between State and Society

Abstract

This study examines the evolving relationship between the Armenian Apostolic Church, the state, and Armenian society. Following Armenia’s 2018 “Velvet Revolution,” Church–state relations have been marked by recurring tensions and shifting governmental attitudes. Although public trust in the Church remains higher than in political institutions, levels of support have fluctuated in recent years. Despite its central role in Armenian national identity, the Church faces growing criticism from post-revolutionary ruling elites amid rapid political and societal change. The study explores how and why political elites challenge the traditional position of the Church, as well as how the Church’s mission and needs are perceived by society and clergy. Employing a mixed-methods approach, the research combines a survey of 123 clergymen (64 in Armenia and 59 in the Diaspora), 7 focus group discussions with clergy, secondary analysis of sociological survey data on institutional trust, and 12 focus group discussions with societal stakeholders. The findings suggest that political interference in Church–state relations has contributed to increased public trust in the Church. Significant financial disparities between Armenia-based and Diaspora parishes are identified. Clergy emphasizes the need to revitalize parish life, strengthen youth engagement, and modernize communication, while public opinion favors a traditionally conservative yet more socially functional Church.