Reconsidering the impact of saturated fat intake on metabolic health: A critical review of evidence and controversies

Abstract

Saturated fats (SFAs) play a complex role in health; therefore, their intake has been a topic of debate in the field of nutrition science. Therefore, this article emphasizes the importance of a balanced diet rather than SFA, considering genetic and metabolic differences, and advocates for the reconsideration of dietary guidelines based on the latest evidence. SFAs, such as palmitic acid, may contribute to adverse health effects, whereas others, such as stearic and lauric acid, may have no impact or a positive effect. Research indicates that saturated fatty acids (SFAs) elevate low‐density lipoprotein (LDL) levels; however, the overall effect on cardiovascular disease is determined not only by the quantity of LDL but also by the specific types of LDL particles, the composition of fatty acids, and the dietary replacement nutrients. The substitution of SFA with unsaturated fats or whole grains may reduce the risk of cardiovascular diseases, whereas replacing them with refined carbohydrates may have adverse effects. SFA from treated meats is related to an increased risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). In contrast, SFA from high‐fat dairy products may have positive effects, such as improving insulin sensitivity and providing essential nutrients that could mitigate the risk of T2DM. Despite the recommendation to limit SFA intake, recent findings emphasize the need to reconsider dietary guidelines.