Recent Progress in Remote Sensing of Clouds and Precipitation Physics: Platforms, Applications, and Emerging Frontiers

Remote sensing of clouds and precipitation is undergoing a significant transition from descriptive observations toward process-oriented diagnoses. This transition has not progressed linearly, but has gradually taken place alongside the rapidly developing multi-source observation capabilities over recent decades. In terms of clouds and precipitation observational platforms, satellites provide continuous global-scale monitoring, airborne platforms complement high-resolution sampling of key processes, and ground-based observations offer long-term vertical structure evolution, which form an integrated space–air–ground observation system. In terms of clouds and precipitation retrieval algorithms, active–passive combination remote sensing significantly improves the ability to retrieve macro- and microphysical characteristics and structures, and machine learning methods further expand parameter estimation capabilities in complex scenarios. Nevertheless, key bottlenecks still persist in retrieval non-uniqueness, sensor trade-offs, cross-platform calibration, and validation over oceans, mountains, and polar regions. Based on the above background, this paper provides a systematic review of recent progress in clouds and precipitation physics remote sensing, focusing on the development of multi-platform collaborative observations, the evolution of microphysical parameter retrieval methods, and the improvements in remote sensing characterization of cloud and precipitation formation mechanisms. It further points out that future development will increasingly rely on improved uncertainty quantification, incorporation of physical constraints into retrieval frameworks, and the establishment of standardized multi-source datasets.