Recent Developments in Green Methods in Carbohydrate Synthesis

Abstract

Recent developments in green methods in carbohydrate chemistry have emerged as a primary focus in sustainable organic synthesis, driven by the increasing demand for environmentally benign, efficient, and selective transformations. Carbohydrates are widely available, renewable, and structurally diverse molecules with great potential for producing value-added chemicals, pharmaceuticals, and functional materials. However, their high polarity, dense functionality, and stereochemical complexity often necessitate multistep protection-deprotection strategies and the use of hazardous reagents. In response, green chemistry principles have guided the development of innovative methodologies that minimize waste, reduce energy consumption, and avoid toxic catalysts and solvents. Significant progress has been made in areas such as solvent-free and aqueous-phase reactions, heterogeneous and recyclable catalysts, microwave and ultrasound-assisted transformations. Furthermore, the utilization of electro­chemical methods has enabled efficient glycosylation, oxidation and functional group interconversions under mild conditions. This chapter provides a comprehensive overview of recent advances in green carbohydrate chemistry, highlighting key reaction strategies and mechanistic insights. Emphasis is placed on sustainable reaction design that aligns with industrial and pharmaceutical requirements, underscoring the growing role of green methodologies in shaping the future of carbohydrate-based synthesis.