Recent Advances in Synthesis and Characterization of Niobium Catalysts: A Review

Niobium-based catalysts have emerged as highly adaptable materials for reactions under heterogeneous conditions, owing to significant advances achieved in synthetic methodologies and characterization strategies. In this review, special attention was paid to analyzing the main methods used to characterize the physicochemical properties (e.g., gas adsorption/desorption, infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction patterns, and temperature-programmed desorption) of solid niobium catalysts, as well as the most widely used and versatile synthesis methods (e.g., microwave-assisted solvothermal synthesis, impregnation, and mechanical milling). These insights can facilitate the rational design of Nb-based catalysts to achieve high activity and selectivity in biomass conversion processes and the valorization of biomass-derived compounds. The developments outlined here underscore the adaptability of niobium materials and provide a comprehensive basis for understanding the relationships between synthesis methodology and physicochemical properties, thereby supporting the development of more efficient Nb-based catalysts for sustainable catalytic applications.