Recent Advances in Nanomaterials for Pesticide Residue Detection: From Spectroscopic Analysis to Electrochemical Sensing

This review systematically summarizes the inherent characteristics and application superiorities of various nanomaterials, including metallic nanomaterials, metal oxides, carbon-based materials, metal–organic frameworks (MOFs), and quantum dots (QDs). State-of-the-art research progress is elaborated on the applications of these nanomaterials in multiple analytical techniques, such as surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS), fluorescence spectroscopy, infrared spectroscopy, ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy, and electrochemistry. Furthermore, their pivotal functions in signal amplification, specific molecular recognition, and rapid analyte enrichment are thoroughly discussed. Additionally, this paper analyzes the prevailing challenges, including material heterogeneity, potential biosafety risks, poor anti-interference capacity against complex matrices, and the absence of unified industrial standardization. Future development directions are also proposed, involving green synthesis strategies, precise functional modification, portable intelligent detection, and simultaneous multi-component detection. This work aims to provide a reliable reference for further fundamental research and industrial translation of nanomaterials in the rapid and high-precision detection of pesticide residues.