Radioactive Waste Management in Brazil Including Spent Fuel

Abstract

Radioactive waste management in Brazil encompasses a range of technical, regulatory, environmental, and institutional challenges associated with the safe handling, storage, and disposal of radioactive materials generated by nuclear power plants and the peaceful applications of nuclear energy in industry, medicine, and research. The Brazilian regulatory framework establishes requirements for radiation protection, nuclear safety, waste classification, licensing, and long-term management, taking into account the characteristics and potential hazards of different waste categories. Particular attention is given to the management and interim storage of spent nuclear fuel and high-level radioactive waste, as well as ongoing studies aimed at identifying suitable sites for a future deep geological repository. For low-level radioactive waste, the planned CENTENA near-surface disposal facility represents an important initiative toward establishing a national disposal solution for waste generated by nuclear power plants and other facilities, including waste containing radionuclides with relatively short half-lives. The development of safe disposal facilities requires comprehensive site characterization, geological and hydrogeological assessments, engineered and natural containment barriers, long-term safety evaluations, and compliance with national regulations and internationally recognized radiation protection standards. Existing radioactive waste storage facilities, together with evolving disposal strategies, reflect Brazil's efforts to strengthen its national waste management infrastructure. Effective implementation also depends on transparent regulatory procedures, scientific and technical expertise, institutional coordination, stakeholder engagement, and meaningful public participation. Ensuring the long-term safety and sustainability of radioactive waste management remains essential to protecting human health and the environment while supporting the responsible development and use of nuclear technologies in Brazil.